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Brain Research and Education Part 5: The anatomical and functional organization of the brain

Good morning ladies and gentlemen,

as me shift work and employment in my field of work a little out of breath robbed, I was recently not to publish this new article, but I try to set brain research and education continue this month to stop and.

This article is about the functional and anatomical structure of the brain, that is more of a unpädagogisches theme, which is indispensable if one wants to deal with the still following articles. I hope this rather "dry" matter but a lot of fun.

Introduction

Enforced for the description of the brain, the so-called localization theory, the result " different, specialized areas of the nervous system and brain in each exporting different specific functions Ren ( L e x i k o n d e r N e u r o w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 2000 B d . 2 S . 3 a 9 ) . This theory GE ht K. Brodmann and back to his 1909 work, " Comparative localization theory of the cerebral cortex " (See Glossary d. Biology 2000 Vol 3 p.181). A strict localization of functions can not be maintained today because of the high plasticity of the cerebral cortex, but it also forms the basis for the following descriptions. Today, brain researchers say more of " Kort iCalendar - Maps " that are flexible and take on under certain circumstances, various functions, and represent only rarely a single area, but is different partial functions of a general function in different places can localize the brain ( v g l . S p i t z e r 2 0 0 0 S . 9 5 - 1 2 3 ). The human brain is, compared to the animal kingdom and in relation to other organs in the human body, relatively tall and weighs about 1.3 kg of shows after Gerhard Roth is the typical structure of a mammalian brain, and is composed of six parts together: the medulla (medulla oblongata), the bridge (pons), cerebellum (cerebellum), the midbrain (mesencephalon), the hypothalamus (diencephalon) and the end or the cerebrum (telencephalon). Midbrain, and medulla oblongata bridge are collectively referred to as the brain stem. The brain is divided also have

still functional in two brain halves, called hemispheres (linksseitigund right side), which are by the so-called "bars" joined together, and each specific priorities

. ( v g l . R o t h 2 0 0 7 S . 3 3 )

Of particular interest to the neuroscience teaching and learning research have focused the cerebral cortex known as the limbic system known, and I in the following suggestive and should state in a later article. Below I will the above six components that make up the brain, in the three points summarized: "The cerebral cortex", "The limbic system, and the hypothalamus and brain stem" pose. Then I go closer to the "building blocks" of the brain that Nerve cells, one.

The cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex (cerebral cortex) in humans comprises about unfolded quarter square meter. It consists of about 15 billion nerve cells, which are connected by about half a trillion points of contact with each other. According to Roth, it is possible to calculate how many different states can take on this network: It would be at 10 h o c h a 5 0 possible states ( v g l . R o t h 2 0 0 7 S . 3 8 ). Due to this high number of possible states, it is within the meaning of the radical constructivist Heinz von Foerster fully justified the people "not - Trivial Machine " as a ( v g l . B a t z h e l m e s s 2 0 0 5 S . a 5 f f denote ), so as a machine, when enter a specific "inputs" is not known what is "Ouput" come out. It would therefore be to transfer this idea to the school, the teacher can not predict how a student learns that if he learns something or to see how he receives the information.

The cerebral cortex, or more accurately, the iso- or neocortex, consists of four lobes: the frontal lobes (frontal cortex), the parietal lobe (parietal cortex), the temporal lobe (temporal cortex) and the occipital lobe (Okzipitalkortex). let 86 On the limits of the four lobes of time three functional areas assigned to this, namely the sensory, motor and associative areas. (Ibid.)

The sensory area consists of the visual system (visual system), the auditory (hearing) system, the somatosensory (pain system) and the vestibular (balance system). The visual system is located mainly in the occipital lobe. The hearing at the upper front edge of the temporal lobe. The somatosensory and Vertibularsystem are at the front edge of the parietal lobe. Taste information (Gustatory system) are not processed in Neo-/Isokortex, but older

in an area which is called insular cortex, and which lies between frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. The insular cortex is considered the place of processing of body feeling. Olfactory information is also not

in the neocortex, but in limbic areas (through the so-called "Riechrin de" or olfactory cortex) processes. ( v g l . e b d . S . 3 9 f )

The motor area divided into the primary motor, the pre - motor and supplementary motor area, all located on the upper rear edge of the frontal lobe. While the primary motor area is concerned with the control of individual muscles and the control of fine movements, is addressed in pre - motor box with the planning and control of movements. The supplementary motor area, however, is active when something is planned and consciously wanted, but even though people

only imagine that he wants to do something. ( v g l . e b d . S . 4 a f )

All other areas of the cerebral cortex are as associative areas known. They can not process primary sensory or motor information, but associate, ie they connect with each other and make connections to memories. Only then can lead to complex and meaningful information. Here, the posterior and inferior parietal lobe have left with symbolic - to do analytical processing of information (such as speech) and the right-sided temporal lobe with real or imagined spatial orientation, spatial awareness and change of perspective. In the parietal lobe, the body schema and the positioning of our body localized in space. The parietal lobe but might also help

for planning, preparation and control of grasping and eye movements. While the upper and middle parietal lobe includes complex auditory perceptions, are the lower parietal lobe as well as the transition between the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes important non-spatial complex visual information processing type, ie for the detection of meaning and interpretations of objects, faces, gestures and scenes. The prefrontal cortex is concerned primarily with the detection of events and problems of the outside world, especially with regard to their temporal Order and importance. The orbi frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex is behavior in contrast with social

, ethical considerations, divergent thinking, problem identification, risk assessment, profit and loss expectation own assessment of the consequences of behavior, the emotional life and the emotional con control of behavior here. ( v g l . e b d . S . 4 2 f )

So my dear ladies and gentlemen, that was it today for it with the "stuffed" my thesis, its fragmentation into several blog posts. In the next part I agree with the basics on the topic, I have the functional and anatomical Construction of the limbic system of the midbrain and brain stem and nerve cells explain.

I have a nice summer day.